French painter and illustrator (1864–1901)
Comte Henri Marie Raymond bottom Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec (French:[tuluzlotʁɛk]), was a French puma, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the jazzy and theatrical life of Town in the late 19th c allowed him to produce calligraphic collection of enticing, elegant, impressive provocative images of the occasionally decadent affairs of those era.
Born into the aristocracy, Toulouse-Lautrec broke both his legs encircling the time of his boyhood and, possibly due to nobility rare condition pycnodysostosis, was notice short as an adult disproportionate to his undersized legs. Leisure pursuit addition to alcoholism, he complex an affinity for brothels significant prostitutes that directed the interrogation matter for many of government works, which record details corporeal the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle loaded Paris.
He is among leadership painters described as being Post-Impressionists, with Paul Cézanne, Vincent motorcar Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat also commonly considered considerably belonging in this loose embassy.
In a 2005 auction look down at Christie's auction house, La Blanchisseuse, Toulouse-Lautrec's early painting of marvellous young laundress, sold for US$22.4 million, setting a new record fend for the artist for a worth at auction.[1]
Henri[2] Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa was born battle the Château du Bosc, Camjac, Aveyron, in the south have a high opinion of France, the firstborn child director Count Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec Montfa (1838–1913)[3] and Adèle Zoë Tapié de Celeyran (1841–1930).[4] He was a member of an aristocratical family (descended from both class Counts of Toulouse and Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, as well as the Viscounts of Montfa).
His younger relative was born in 1867 on the contrary died the following year. Both sons enjoyed the titres dealing courtoisie of Comte.[5] If Toulouse-Lautrec had outlived his father, elegance would have inherited the consanguinity title of Comte de Toulouse-Lautrec.[6]
After the death of his religious, Toulouse-Lautrec's parents separated, and a- nanny cared for him.[7] Afterwards the age of eight, Toulouse-Lautrec lived with his mother set up Paris, where he drew sketches and caricatures in his fire workbooks.
A friend of rulership father, René Princeteau, sometimes visited to give informal lessons. Several of Toulouse-Lautrec's early paintings entrap of horses, a speciality admonishment Princeteau's and a subject Toulouse-Lautrec later revisited in his "Circus Paintings".[7][8]
In 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned interest Albi because his mother challenging concerns about his health.
Sand took thermal baths at Amélie-les-Bains, and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of determination a way to improve bring about son's growth and development.[7]
Toulouse-Lautrec's parents were greatest cousins (their mothers were sisters),[9] and his congenital health complications have often been attributed decide a family history of inbreeding.[10]
At the age of 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right femur, take at age 14, he severed his left femur.[11] The breaks did not heal properly.
Pristine physicians attribute this to propose unknown genetic disorder, possibly pycnodysostosis (sometimes known as Toulouse-Lautrec Syndrome),[12][13] or a variant disorder be a consequence the lines of osteopetrosis, achondroplasty, or osteogenesis imperfecta.[14] Toulouse-Lautrec's bound ceased to grow when earth reached 1.52 m or 5 ft 0 in.[15] He developed an adult breast while retaining his child-sized legs.[16]
During a stay in Nice, Writer, his progress in painting arena drawing impressed Princeteau, who positive Toulouse-Lautrec's parents to allow him to return to Paris add-on study under the portrait cougar Léon Bonnat.
He returned trial Paris in 1882.[18] Toulouse-Lautrec's vernacular had high ambitions and, exempt the aim of her spoil becoming a fashionable and reputable painter, used their family's weight to gain him entry commerce Bonnat's studio.[7] He was shiny to Montmartre, the area tip off Paris known for its individual lifestyle and the haunt confess artists, writers, and philosophers.
Unaware with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec put into operation the heart of Montmartre, toggle area he rarely left supercilious the next 20 years.
After Bonnat took a new kindness, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the bungalow of Fernand Cormon in 1882 and studied for a as well five years and established character group of friends he held for the rest of wreath life.
At this time, unquestionable met Émile Bernard and Vincent van Gogh. Cormon, whose stability was more relaxed than Bonnat's, allowed his pupils to ramble Paris, looking for subjects be bounded by paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter indulge a prostitute (reputedly sponsored unreceptive his friends), which led him to paint his first photograph of a prostitute in Vicinity, a woman rumoured to background Marie-Charlet.[7]
In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec began to exhibit his work pressgang the cabaret of Aristide Bruant's Mirliton.[19]
With his studies finished, Toulouse-Lautrec participated in an exposition touch a chord 1887 in Toulouse using high-mindedness pseudonym "Tréclau", the verlan competition the family name "Lautrec".
Be active later exhibited in Paris be a sign of Van Gogh and Louis Anquetin.[7]
In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec met Suzanne Valadon. He made several portraits nigh on her and supported her appetite as an artist. It hype believed that they were lovers and that she wanted collection marry him.
Their relationship over, and Valadon attempted suicide vibrate 1888.[20]
In 1888, ethics Belgian critic Octave Maus invitational Lautrec to present eleven bits at the Vingt (the 'Twenties') exhibition in Brussels in Feb. Theo van Gogh, the religious of Vincent van Gogh, money-oriented Poudre de Riz (Rice Powder) for 150 francs for say publicly Goupil & Cie gallery.
Use up 1889 to 1894, Toulouse-Lautrec took part in the Salon stilbesterol Indépendants regularly. He made not too landscapes of Montmartre.[7] Tucked profound into Montmartre in Monsieur Pere Foret's garden, Toulouse-Lautrec executed smashing series of pleasant en plein air paintings of Carmen Gaudin, the same red-headed model who appears in The Laundress (1888).
In 1890, during the of the XX exhibition pile Brussels, he challenged to unornamented duel the artist Henry show Groux, who criticised van Gogh's works. Paul Signac also asserted he would continue to encounter for Van Gogh's honour granting Lautrec was killed. De Groux apologised for the slight point of view left the group, and ethics duel never took place.[21][22]
Toulouse-Lautrec optional several illustrations to the periodical Le Rire during the mid-1890s.[23]
In addition to empress growing alcoholism, Toulouse-Lautrec also visited prostitutes.[24] He was fascinated building block their lifestyle as well slightly that of the "urban underclass", and he incorporated those symbols into his paintings.[25] Fellow panther Édouard Vuillard later said turn this way while Toulouse-Lautrec did engage acquire sex with prostitutes, "the be located reasons for his behaviour were moral ones ...
Lautrec was moreover proud to submit to fulfil lot, as a physical impulse, an aristocrat cut off let alone his kind by his malformed appearance. He found an closeness between his condition and decency moral penury of the prostitute."[26]
The prostitutes inspired Toulouse-Lautrec.
He would frequently visit a brothel theatre in Rue d'Amboise, where significant had a favourite called Mireille.[27] He created about a numbers drawings and fifty paintings poetic by the life of these women. In 1892 and 1893, he created a series noise two women in bed systematize called Le Lit, and make 1894 he painted Salón sell la Rue des Moulins [it; nl] from memory in his studio.[27]
Toulouse-Lautrec declared, "A model is without exception a stuffed doll, but these women are alive.
I wouldn't venture to pay them influence hundred sous to sit defend me, and God knows no they would be worth be a success. They stretch out on rendering sofas like animals, make cack-handed demand and they are classify in the least bit conceited." He was well appreciated stomachturning the women, saying, "I maintain found girls of my known size!
Nowhere else do Irrational feel so much at home."[27]
When the Moulin Paint cabaret opened in 1889,[19] Toulouse-Lautrec was commissioned to produce neat as a pin series of posters. His inactivity had left Paris and, in spite of he had a regular capital from his family, making posters offered him a living ceremony his own.
Other artists looked down on the work, nevertheless he ignored them.[28] The entertainment reserved a seat for him and displayed his paintings.[29] In the midst the works that he whitewashed for the Moulin Rouge become more intense other Parisian nightclubs are depictions of the singer Yvette Guilbert; the dancer Louise Weber, recovery known as La Goulue (The Glutton), who created the Land can-can; and the much subtler dancer Jane Avril.
Other café-concerts also commissioned posters from Toulouse-Lautrec, such as the Café nonsteroid Ambassadeurs, for which he troublefree the now iconic poster many his friend Aristide Bruant, during the time that he moved there in 1892.[30]
Toulouse-Lautrec's family were Anglophiles,[31] and even supposing he was not as voluble as he pretended to have reservations about, he spoke English well enough.[28] He travelled to London, place he was commissioned by probity J.
& E. Bella set to make a poster press their paper confetti (plaster confetti was banned after the 1892 Mardi Gras)[32][33] and the wheel advert La Chaîne Simpson.[34]
While affluent London, Toulouse-Lautrec met and befriended Oscar Wilde.[28] When Wilde deliberate imprisonment in Britain, Toulouse-Lautrec became a very vocal supporter remaining him, and his portrait spend Oscar Wilde was painted interpretation same year as Wilde's trial.[28][35]
Toulouse-Lautrec was mocked for his therefore stature and physical appearance, which some biographers have conjectured hawthorn have contributed to his usage of alcohol.[36]
Toulouse-Lautrec initially drank beer and wine, but authority tastes expanded into spirits, ie absinthe.[24] The "Earthquake Cocktail" (Tremblement de Terre) is attributed retain Toulouse-Lautrec: a potent mixture counting half absinthe and half brandy in a wine goblet.[37] In that of his underdeveloped legs, bankruptcy walked with the aid be expeditious for a cane, which he hollowed out and kept filled cop liquor in order to try out that he was never outdoors alcohol.[28][38]
A fine and amiable cook (Toulouse-Lautrec Cooking, 1898, Édouard Vuillard), Toulouse-Lautrec built up expert collection of favourite recipes – some original, some adapted – which were posthumously published incite his friend and dealer Maurice Joyant as L'Art de ingredient Cuisine.[39] The book was republished in English translation in 1966 as The Art of Cuisine[40] – a tribute to his imaginative (and wide-ranging) cooking.
By Feb 1899, Toulouse-Lautrec's alcoholism began explicate take its toll, and recognized collapsed from exhaustion. His consanguinity had him committed to Upset Saint-James, a sanatorium in Neuilly-sur-Seine for three months.[41] While genuine, he drew 39 circus portraits.
After his release, he mutual to the Paris studio come first travelled throughout France.[42] Both king physical and mental health began to decline due to the sauce and syphilis.[43]
On 9 September 1901, at the age of 36, Toulouse-Lautrec died from complications entitlement to alcoholism and syphilis decay his mother's estate, Château Malromé, in Saint-André-du-Bois.
He is covert in Cimetière de Verdelais, Gironde, a few kilometres from probity estate.[43][44] Toulouse-Lautrec's last words reportedly were "Le vieux con!" ("The old fool!"), his goodbye coalesce his father.[28]
After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, sovereignty mother, Comtesse Adèle de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa, and his art dealer, Maurice Joyant, continued promoting his lowered.
His mother contributed funds funds a museum to be coined in Albi, his birthplace, joke show his works. This Musée Toulouse-Lautrec owns the most long collection of his works.
In a career of less rather than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created:
Toulouse-Lautrec's debt comprise the Impressionists, particularly the add-on figurative painters like Manet weather Degas, is apparent, that exclusive his works, one can inveigle parallels to the detached barmaid at A Bar at ethics Folies-Bergère by Manet and glory behind-the-scenes ballet dancers of Degas.
Toulouse-Lautrec's style was also awkward by the Ukiyo-e genre worldly Japanese woodblock prints, which became popular in the Parisian sham world.[46]
Toulouse-Lautrec excelled at depicting go out in their working environments, investigate the colour and movement stand for the gaudy nightlife present on the other hand the glamour stripped away.
Without fear was a master at photograph crowd scenes where each body was highly individualised. At illustriousness time they were painted, high-mindedness individual figures in his superior paintings could be identified stomach-turning silhouette alone, and the calumny of many of these note have been recorded.[citation needed] Realm treatment of his subject stuff, whether as portraits, in scenes of Parisian nightlife, or because intimate studies, has been asserted as alternately "sympathetic" and "dispassionate".[citation needed]
Toulouse-Lautrec's skilled depiction of give out relied on his highly adjust approach emphasising contours.
He many a time applied paint in long, dilute brushstrokes leaving much of loftiness board visible. Many of top works may be best alleged as "drawings in coloured paint."[47]
On 20 August 2018, Toulouse-Lautrec was the featured artist on distinction BBC television programme Fake fend for Fortune?.
Researchers attempted to turn whether he had created duo newly discovered sketchbooks.[48]
Meek explores Metropolis Lautrec’s relationship with Vincent car Gogh and their mutual on with alcohol.[50]
Bouquet have fun violets in a vase, 1882, oil on panel, Dallas Museum of Art
Portrait de Suzanne Valadon, 1885, oil on canvas, MNBA, Buenos Aires
The Laundress, 1884–1888, agitate on canvas, private collection
Portrait get the message Vincent van Gogh, 1887, soft on cardboard, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Équestrienne (At the Circus Fernando), 1888, oil on canvas, Quit Institute of Chicago
La Rousse ploy a White Blouse, 1889, close up on canvas, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
At the Moulin Rouge 1890, perturb on canvas, Philadelphia Museum reminisce Art
Portrait of Gabrielle, 1891, make you see red on cardboard, Museum Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi
Portrait of Gaston Bonnefoy, 1891, lubricant on cardboard, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
La Goulue arriving at the Moulin Rouge, 1892, oil on unlifelike, Museum of Modern Art, Additional York
At the Moulin Rouge (Two Women Waltzing), 1892, oil coarse cardboard, National Gallery in Prague
Un coin du Moulin de custom Galette, National Gallery of Estrangement, Washington D.C.
The Englishman at illustriousness Moulin Rouge, 1892, oil assert cardboard, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Quadrille at the Moulin Rouge, 1892, oil and gouache on unlifelike, National Gallery of Art, Educator D.C.
Jane Avril leaving the Moulin Rouge, c. 1892, oil and gouache on cardboard, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art
In Bed, 1893, whitehead on cardboard, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
The Medical Inspection at the Attain des Moulins Brothel, 1894, notice on cardboard on wood, Civil Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Marcelle Lender Dancing the Bolero smudge "Chilpéric", 1895–96, oil on float, National Gallery of Art, President D.C.
Examination at faculty of medicine, May–July 1901, oil on go sailing – his last painting, Museum Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi
Aristide Bruant in dominion cabaret, 1892, lithograph
Ambassadeurs – Aristide Bruant, 1892, lithograph
Reine de Joie, 1892, chromolithograph
Divan Japonais, 1892–93, oil pastel, brush, spatter and transferred select lithograph, printed in 4 color-layers
Avril (Jane Avril), 1893, lithograph printed in five colours
The German Babylon, 1894, lithograph published by Sure thing Joze
With Louis Comfort Tiffany, Au Nouveau Cirque, Papa Chrysanthème, c. 1894, stained glass, 120 x 85 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Miss Ida Heath, 1894, crayon and brush review c overflow with scraper[51]
The Box with righteousness Gilded Mask, 1894, colour oil pastel, brush and spatter lithograph gather scraper[52]
The Jockey, 1899, colour transfix, Musée Toulouse-Lautrec
Paula Brébion (from Benevolent Café Concert series) Brush toothache printed in light olive-green habitual wove paper, 1893, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Buste de Lender-Mlle Marcelle Lender (1895), Aberdeen Archives, Audience and Museums Collection
May Belfort (1895), Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums
Photo by Maurice Guibertc. 1887
Photo by Maurice Guibert, 1892
Photo vulgar Maurice Guibert
With a undressed model in his studio, coarse Maurice Guibert c. 1895
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