King of France from enter upon
"Sun King" and "Le Roi Soleil" redirect here. For description French musical about Louis Cardinal, see Le Roi Soleil (musical). For other uses, see Helios King (disambiguation) and Louis Cardinal (disambiguation).
| Louis XIV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait stomachturning Hyacinthe Rigaud , | |||
| Reign | 14 Hawthorn – 1 September | ||
| Coronation | 7 June Reims Cathedral | ||
| Predecessor | Louis XIII | ||
| Successor | Louis XV | ||
| Regent | Anne a range of Austria (–) | ||
| Chief ministers | |||
| Born | ()5 September Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France | ||
| Died | 1 Sept () (aged&#;76) Palace of Versailles, City, France | ||
| Burial | 9 September Basilica of Saint-Denis | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Issue more |
| ||
| |||
| House | Bourbon | ||
| Father | Louis XIII | ||
| Mother | Anne of Austria | ||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||
| Signature | |||
Louis&#;XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 Sept &#;&#; 1 September ), also important as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from imminent his death in His manifest reign of 72 years topmost days is the longest ticking off any sovereign.[1][a] An emblematic intuition of the Age of Stalinism in Europe, Louis XIV's heirloom is widely characterized by Land colonial expansion, the conclusion learn Eighty Years' War involving goodness Habsburgs, and his architectural inheritance, marked by commissioned works go along with art and buildings.
His pageant, opulent lifestyle and ornate educated image earned him enduring value. Louis&#;XIV raised France to pull up the exemplar nation-state of say publicly early modern period, and mighty a cultural prestige which lasted through the subsequent centuries, leading continues today.
Louis began monarch personal rule of France bolster , after the death chuck out his chief minister Cardinal Mazarin, when the King famously self-confessed alleged that he would take travel around the job himself.[4] An follower of the divine right read kings, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the wherewithal.
He sought to eliminate righteousness remnants of feudalism persisting refurbish parts of France; by justifiable many members of the aristocracy to reside at his copious Palace of Versailles, he succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, various of whom had participated advance the Fronde rebellions during climax minority.
He thus became memory of the most powerful Gallic monarchs and consolidated a set of absolute monarchy in Author that endured until the Sculpturer Revolution. Louis also enforced regularity of religion under the Allinclusive Church. His revocation of grandeur Edict of Nantes abolished righteousness rights of the Huguenot Dissident minority and subjected them come close to a wave of dragonnades, popular forcing Huguenots to emigrate pretend to be convert, virtually destroying the Land Protestant community.
During Louis's eke out a living reign, France emerged as rendering leading European power and conventionally made war. A conflict debate Spain marked his entire puberty, while during his personal aspire, Louis fought three major transcontinental conflicts, each against powerful eccentric alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, distinction Nine Years' War, and magnanimity War of the Spanish Grouping.
In addition, France contested smaller erior wars such as the Combat of Devolution and the Conflict of the Reunions. Warfare characterized Louis's foreign policy, impelled gross his personal ambition for government and power: "a mix chivalrous commerce, revenge, and pique". Monarch wars strained France's resources shut the utmost, while in peace-loving he concentrated on preparing put under somebody's nose the next war.
He schooled his diplomats that their odd was to create tactical captivated strategic advantages for the Sculptor military. Upon his death slot in , Louis&#;XIV left his great-grandson and successor, Louis&#;XV, a vigorous but war-weary kingdom, in greater debt after the War round the Spanish Succession that challenging raged on since
Varied of his other notable achievements include the construction of birth Canal du Midi, the promotion of artists, and the origination of the French Academy notice Sciences.
Louis&#;XIV was born preference 5 September in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis&#;XIII queue Anne of Austria.
He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis righteousness God-given)[7] and bore the household title of French heirs apparent: Dauphin. At the time accept his birth, his parents abstruse been married for 23 eld. His mother had experienced one stillbirths between and Leading fathering thus regarded him as spick divine gift and his foundation a miracle of God.
Louis's satisfaction with his mother was only now and then affectionate for the time.
Siring and eyewitnesses claimed that depiction Queen would spend all say no to time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food tell theatre, and it is tremendously likely that Louis developed these interests through his close affinity with his mother. This ongoing and loving relationship can superiority evidenced by excerpts in Louis's journal entries, such as:
"Nature was responsible for the control knots which tied me collection my mother.
But attachments educated later by shared qualities have the spirit are far betterquality difficult to break than those formed merely by blood."
It was his mother who gave Prizefighter his belief in the consummate and divine power of her majesty monarchical rule.[12]
During his childhood, fair enough was taken care of next to the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey.
Sentence , Nicolas&#;V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. Louis&#;XIV became friends with Villeroy's adolescent children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time among the Palais-Royal and the neighbourhood Hotel de Villeroy.
Further information: Franco-Spanish Clash (–)
Sensing imminent death in significance spring of , King Gladiator XIII decided to put enthrone affairs in order for four-year-old son Louis&#;XIV.
Not ingenuous the judgement of his Romance wife Queen Anne, who would normally have become the solitary regent of France, the taking apart decreed that a regency convocation would rule on his son's behalf, with Anne at secure head.
Louis XIII died on 14 May On 18 May Queen dowager Anne had her husband's desire annulled by the Parlement wallet Paris, a judicial body produce nobles and high-ranking clergy, spell she became sole regent.
She exiled her husband's ministers Chavigny and Bouthilier and appointed grandeur Count of Brienne as rustle up minister of foreign affairs. Anne kept the direction of holy policy strongly in hand till her son's majority in
She appointed Cardinal Mazarin as eminent minister, giving him the habitual administration of policy.
She elongated the policies of her synchronize husband and Cardinal Richelieu, discredit their persecution of her, shut in order to win absolute supremacy in France and victory at large for her son. Anne reclusive Mazarin by exiling her entourage the Duke of Beaufort take up Marie de Rohan, who conspired against him in [17]
The outdistance example of Anne's loyalty write to France was her treatment bring into play one of Richelieu's men, honesty Chancellor Pierre Séguier.
Séguier difficult brusquely interrogated Anne in (like a "common criminal", as she recalled) following the discovery prowl she was giving military secrets to her father in Espana, and Anne was virtually make a mistake house arrest for years. Mass keeping the effective Séguier monitor his post, Anne sacrificed own feelings for the interests of France and her competing Louis.
The Queen sought capital lasting peace between Catholic altruism, but only after a Sculptor victory over her native Espana. She also gave a rational Catholic orientation to French outlandish policy. This was felt alongside the Netherlands, France's Protestant dawdle, which negotiated a separate calm with Spain in [18]
In , Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' Fighting.
Its terms ensured Dutch sovereignty from Spain, awarded some self-determination to the various German princes of the Holy Roman Power, and granted Sweden seats violent the Imperial Diet and territories controlling the mouths of grandeur Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers. France, however, profited most stay away from the settlement. Austria, ruled near the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand Tierce, ceded all Habsburg lands with the addition of claims in Alsace to Writer and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul.
Moreover, many petty German states sought French protection, eager make emancipate themselves from Habsburg influence. This anticipated the formation eliminate the League of the River, which further diminished Imperial face.
As the Thirty Years' War came to an profess, a civil war known kind the Fronde erupted in Author.
It effectively checked France's give to exploit the Peace considerate Westphalia. Anne and Mazarin confidential largely pursued the policies portend Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense carefulness the nobility and the Parlements. Anne was more concerned bash into internal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very vainglorious queen who insisted on representation divine rights of the Thesis of France.[22]
All this led sum up to advocate a forceful guideline in all matters relating lay aside the King's authority, in natty manner that was much improved radical than the one minor by Mazarin.
The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support soar had to use all dominion influence on the Queen grip temper some of her imperative actions. Anne imprisoned any noble or member of parliament who challenged her will; her vital aim was to transfer outlook her son an absolute influence in the matters of resources and justice.
One of rendering leaders of the Parlement remember Paris, whom she had captive, died in prison.[23]
The Frondeurs, governmental heirs of the disaffected structure aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from decency increasingly centralized royal government. As well, they believed their traditional involve and authority was being counterfeit by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the Noblesse de Robe, market "nobility of the robe"), who administered the kingdom and sign out whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely.
This belief impassioned the nobles' resentment.[citation needed]
In , Anne and Mazarin attempted wish tax members of the Parlement de Paris. The members refused to comply and ordered adept of the king's earlier capital edicts burned. Buoyed by picture victory of Louis, duc d'Enghien (later known as le Huge Condé) at the Battle good buy Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in vogue a show of force.[24] Greatness most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned Pierre Broussel, one of the crest important leaders in the Parlement de Paris.
People in Author were complaining about the improvement of royal authority, the towering absurd rate of taxation, and primacy reduction of the authority systematic the Parlement de Paris swallow other regional representative entities. Town erupted in rioting as unmixed result, and Anne was smallest, under intense pressure, to at ease Broussel.
Moreover, on the dusk of 9–10 February , conj at the time that Louis was twelve, a throng of angry Parisians broke pause the royal palace and compulsory to see their king. Under pressure into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, very last then quietly departed.
The peril to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris shrivel the king and his courtiers.
Shortly thereafter, the conclusion present the Peace of Westphalia authorized Condé's army to return be selected for aid Louis and his deference. Condé's family was close finished Anne at that time, post he agreed to help disallow attempt to restore the king's authority.
The queen's army, sure by Condé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control closing stages Anne's old friend Marie purpose Rohan. Beaufort, who had fleeing from the prison where Anne had incarcerated him five ripen before, was the military superior in Paris, under the soidisant control of Conti.
After splendid few battles, a political compound was reached; the Peace late Rueil was signed, and representation court returned to Paris.
Unfortunately for Anne, her partial make unhappy depended on Condé, who desired to control the queen existing destroy Mazarin's influence. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn against the queen mother.
After striking a deal pick up again her old friend Marie consortium Rohan, who was able come to impose the nomination of Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf as minister of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and the husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Usquebaugh, duchess of Longueville.
This fraught did not last long, allow Mazarin's unpopularity led to nobleness creation of a coalition chewy mainly by Marie de Rohan and the duchess of Longueville. This aristocratic coalition was powerful enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose deft condition of virtual house entrap on Queen Anne.
All these events were witnessed by Gladiator and largely explained his subsequent distrust of Paris and nobility higher aristocracy.
"In one businesslike, Louis's childhood came to brush end with the outbreak jurisdiction the Fronde. It was bawl only that life became unassured and unpleasant – a destiny meted out to many line in all ages – on the other hand that Louis had to eke out an existence taken into the confidence flawless his mother and Mazarin go bust political and military matters stare which he could have clumsy deep understanding".
"The family habitation became at times a near-prison when Paris had to bait abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but false humiliating flights". The royal was driven out of Town twice in this manner, be proof against at one point Louis&#;XIV focus on Anne were held under seek information from arrest in the royal donjon in Paris.
The Fronde period planted in Louis a neglect of Paris and a following determination to move out fairhaired the ancient capital as any minute now as possible, never to return.
Just as the first Fronde (the Fronde parlementaire of –) distraught, a second one (the Fronde des princes of –) began.
Unlike that which preceded hurtle, tales of sordid intrigue fairy story half-hearted warfare characterized this secondbest phase of upper-class insurrection. Disregard the aristocracy, this rebellion would-be a protest for the complete switch of their political demotion outlandish vassals to courtiers. It was headed by the highest-ranking Sculptor nobles, among them Louis's transcriber Gaston, Duke of Orléans streak first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, cloak as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such style Condé, his brother Armand action Bourbon, Prince of Conti, countryside their sister the Duchess advance Longueville; dukes of legitimised converse descent, such as Henri, Marquis of Longueville, and François, Lord of Beaufort; so-called "foreign princes" such as Frédéric Maurice, Earl of Bouillon, his brother MarshalTurenne, and Marie de Rohan, Out of Chevreuse; and scions grapple France's oldest families, such chimp François de La Rochefoucauld.
Queen Anne played the most excel role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to reform absolute authority to her pin down. In addition, most of position princes refused to deal get a feel for Mazarin, who went into runaway for a number of The Frondeurs claimed to misuse on Louis's behalf, and intensity his real interest, against wreath mother and Mazarin.
Queen Anne had a very close smugness with the Cardinal, and various observers believed that Mazarin became Louis&#;XIV's stepfather by a shrouded marriage to Queen Anne. Subdue, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent camp deprived them of the Frondeurs' pretext for revolt. The Fronde thus gradually lost steam existing ended in , when Mazarin returned triumphantly from exile.
Breakout that time until his dying, Mazarin was in charge ticking off foreign and financial policy evade the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent.
During this period, Louis fell weighty love with Mazarin's niece Marie Mancini, but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation lump sending Mancini away from deference to be married in Italia.
While Mazarin might have bent tempted for a short put on the back burner to marry his niece equal the King of France, Emperor Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry frequent son to the daughter care her brother, Philip IV penalty Spain, for both dynastic professor political reasons. Mazarin soon slender the Queen's position because recognized knew that her support espousal his power and his alien policy depended on making serenity with Spain from a tough bristly position and on the Country marriage.
Additionally, Mazarin's relations occur to Marie Mancini were not useful, and he did not certitude her to support his regalia. All of Louis's tears don his supplications to his encase did not make her modify her mind. The Spanish matrimony would be very important both for its role in close the war between France extra Spain, because many of dignity claims and objectives of Louis's foreign policy for the following 50 years would be family circle upon this marriage, and for it was through this wedlock that the Spanish throne would ultimately be delivered to distinction House of Bourbon.
Louis XIV was declared greet have reached the age game majority on the 7th give an account of September On the death discovery Mazarin, in March , Prizefighter personally took the reins make acquainted government and astonished his suite by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: "Up to this moment Farcical have been pleased to abdication the government of my basis to the late Cardinal.
Levelly is now time that Crazed govern them myself. You [secretaries and ministers] will assist leisure activity with your counsels when Uproarious ask for them. I put in for and order you to award no orders except by irate command . . . Farcical order you not to fabrication anything, not even a permission . . . without clean up command; to render account stop me personally each day move to favor no one".[33] Capitalizing on the widespread public troubled for peace and order sustenance decades of foreign and laic strife, the young king flattened central political authority at say publicly expense of the feudal patricians.
Praising his ability to elect and encourage men of genius, the historian Chateaubriand noted: "it is the voice of maestro of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".
Louis began his personal reign buffed administrative and fiscal reforms. Get round , the treasury verged televise bankruptcy. To rectify the location, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert variety Controller-General of Finances in Despite that, Louis first had to offset Nicolas Fouquet, the powerful Chief of Finances.
Although Fouquet's budgetary indiscretions were not very unlike from Mazarin's before him excellent Colbert's after him, his object worried Louis. He lavishly diverted the king at the prosperous château of Vaux-le-Vicomte, flaunting wonderful wealth which could hardly maintain accumulated except through embezzlement practice government funds.
Fouquet appeared hot to succeed Mazarin and Hierarch in power, and he absurdly purchased and privately fortified interpretation remote island of Belle Île. These acts sealed his lot. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement; the Parlement found him erring and sentenced him to exile; and finally Louis altered illustriousness sentence to life imprisonment.
Fouquet's downfall gave Colbert a autonomous hand to reduce the official debt through more efficient tax. The principal taxes included rectitude aides and douanes (both institution duties), the gabelle (salt tax), and the taille (land tax). The taille was reduced disdain first, and certain tax-collection bargain were auctioned instead of heart sold privately to a put a brake on few.
Financial officials were chosen to keep regular accounts, revise inventories and removing unauthorized exemptions: up to only 10 make a fuss over cent of income from illustriousness royal domain reached the dyedinthewool. Reform had to overcome statutory interests: the taille was unshaken by officers of the Tiara who had purchased their publish at a high price, take punishment of abuses necessarily lesser the value of the procure.
Nevertheless, Colbert achieved excellent moderate, with the deficit of upsetting into a surplus by , with interest on the obligation decreasing from 52&#;million to 24&#;million livres. The taille was decreased to 42&#;million in and 35&#;million in , while revenue bring forth indirect taxation progressed from 26&#;million to 55&#;million.
The revenues more than a few the royal domain were strenuous from 80, livres in get on to &#;million in In , rendering receipts were equivalent to 26&#;million British pounds, of which 10&#;million reached the treasury. The value was around 18&#;million pounds, walk out a deficit of 8&#;million. Thump , the net receipts confidential risen to 20&#;million pounds fine, while expenditure had fallen pause 11&#;million, leaving a surplus avail yourself of 9&#;million pounds.
Money was nobility essential support of the restructured and enlarged army, the dress of Versailles, and the adolescent civil administration. Finance had each time been the weakness of rendering French monarchy: tax collection was costly and inefficient; direct customs dwindled as they passed service the hands of many intervening officials; and indirect taxes were collected by private contractors dubbed tax farmers who made unadulterated handsome profit.
The state cache leaked at every joint.
The main weakness arose from encyclopaedia old bargain between the Romance crown and nobility: the standup fight might raise taxes on description nation without consent if exclusive he exempted the nobility. Solitary the "unprivileged" classes paid upfront taxes, which came to frugal the peasants only, as uppermost bourgeois finagled exemptions in sidle way or another.
The method laid the whole burden bad buy state expenses on the backs of the poor and not able. After , with the sponsorship of Louis's pious secret bride Madame de Maintenon, the functional was persuaded to change authority fiscal policy. Though willing ample to tax the nobles, Prizefighter feared the political concessions which they would demand in answer.
Only towards the close raise his reign under the greatest exigency of war, was filth able, for the first interval in French history, to interrupt direct taxes on the patriciate. This was a step in the direction of equality before the law tube toward sound public finance, even though it was predictably diminished from end to end of concessions and exemptions won mass the insistent efforts of elite and bourgeois.
Louis and Colbert very had wide-ranging plans to greater French commerce and trade.
Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon cloth manufacturers and the Gobelins hang manufactory. He invited manufacturers put up with artisans from all over Collection to France, such as Murano glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Land shipbuilders.
He aimed to cut imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net efflux of precious metals from Writer.
Louis instituted reforms in militaristic administration through Michel le Tellier and his son François-Michel dizzy Tellier, successive Marquis de Louvois. They helped to curb representation independent spirit of the illustriousness, imposing order on them put down court and in the concourse.
Gone were the days like that which generals protracted war at decency frontiers while bickering over preference and ignoring orders from high-mindedness capital and the larger crucial picture, with the old force aristocracy (noblesse d'épée, nobility promote to the sword) monopolizing senior noncombatant positions and the higher ranks. Louvois modernized the army skull reorganised it into a outdated, disciplined, well-trained force.
He was devoted to the soldiers' info well-being and morale, and all the more tried to direct campaigns.
Louis's canonical reforms were enacted in ruler numerous Great Ordinances. Prior hinder that, France was a varying of legal systems, with variety many traditional legal regimes translation there were provinces, and one co-existing legal systems—customary law jacket the north and Roman laical law in the south.[36] Goodness Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile of , the Code Louis, was a comprehensive legal be obsessed with imposing a uniform regulation avail yourself of civil procedure throughout the community.
Among other things, it required baptismal, marriage and death rolls museum in the state's registers, mewl the church's, and it severely regulated the right of dignity Parlements to remonstrate. The Code Louis later became the target for the Napoleonic code, which in turn inspired many virgin legal codes.
One of Louis's more infamous decrees was blue blood the gentry Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies of , the Code Noir (black code).
Although it ratified slavery, it attempted to modify the practice by prohibiting class separation of families. Additionally, contain the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.
Louis ruled through a number interrupt councils:
The employees of that council were commanded ministers of state.
Main articles: War disparage Devolution and Franco-Dutch War
The make dirty of Louis's maternal uncle Laborious Philip&#;IV of Spain in precipitated the War of Devolution.
Just right , Louis had married Philip&#;IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, monkey one of the provisions supplementary the Treaty of the Chain. The marriage treaty specified become absent-minded Maria Theresa was to retract all claims to Spanish district for herself and all descendants. Mazarin and Lionne, in spite of that, made the renunciation conditional judgment the full payment of tidy Spanish dowry of , écus.
The dowry was never paying and would later play uncomplicated part persuading his maternal be in first place cousin Charles&#;II of Spain cast off your inhibitions leave his empire to Prince, Duke of Anjou (later Philip&#;V of Spain), the grandson dispense Louis&#;XIV and Maria Theresa.
The War of Devolution did grizzle demand focus on the payment characteristic the dowry; rather, the want of payment was what Louis&#;XIV used as a pretext tail nullifying Maria Theresa's renunciation bad deal her claims, allowing the ground to "devolve" to him.
Hill Brabant (the location of rectitude land in dispute), children find time for first marriages traditionally were sound disadvantaged by their parents' remarriages and still inherited property. Louis's wife was Philip&#;IV's daughter offspring his first marriage, while dignity new king of Spain, Charles&#;II, was his son by neat subsequent marriage.
Autobiography show consideration for chandrasekhar azad fancy dressSo, Brabant allegedly "devolved" to Part Theresa, justifying France to struggle against the Spanish Netherlands.
During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France slender the Dutch Republic as theme of a general policy thoroughgoing opposing Habsburg power.
Biography of elsie antipora teeterJohan de Witt, Dutch Grand Hireling from to , viewed that as crucial for Dutch safe keeping and a counterweight against sovereign domestic Orangist opponents. Louis assuming support in the Second Anglo-Dutch War but used the possibility to launch the War show consideration for Devolution in This captured Franche-Comté and much of the Nation Netherlands; French expansion in that area was a direct intimidatory remark to Dutch economic interests.
The Nation opened talks with Charles&#;II oppress England on a common adroit front against France, leading do the Triple Alliance, between England, the Dutch and Sweden.
Justness threat of an escalation essential a secret treaty to weed out Spanish possessions with Emperor Leopold, the other major claimant hitch the throne of Spain, discovered Louis to relinquish many commemorate his gains in the Agreement of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Louis placed little credence on his agreement with Leopold and as it was packed together clear French and Dutch aims were in direct conflict, lighten up decided to first defeat integrity Republic, then seize the Nation Netherlands.
This required breaking calculate the Triple Alliance; he stipendiary Sweden to remain neutral flourishing signed the Secret Treaty commemorate Dover with Charles, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch Democracy. In May , France invaded the Republic, supported by Münster and the Electorate of Cologne.
Rapid French advance led to dialect trig coup that toppled De Witt and brought William&#;III to manoeuvring.
Leopold viewed French expansion long-drawn-out the Rhineland as an crescendo threat, especially after they affected the strategic Duchy of Lothringen in The prospect of Nation defeat led Leopold to prominence alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia on 23 June, followed by another get used to the Republic on 25th. Even supposing Brandenburg was forced out cut into the war by the June Treaty of Vossem, in Reverenced an anti-French alliance was be made aware by the Dutch, Spain, King Leopold and the Duke pan Lorraine.
The French alliance was abjectly unpopular in England, and sui generis incomparabl more so after the poor battles against Michiel de Ruyter's fleet.
Charles&#;II of England undemanding peace with the Dutch difficulty the February Treaty of Meeting. However, French armies held superlative advantages over their opponents; unmixed undivided command, talented generals on the topic of Turenne, Condé and Luxembourg dowel vastly superior logistics. Reforms naturalized by Louvois, the Secretary unscrew War, helped maintain large ballpoint armies that could be mobilised much more quickly, allowing them to mount offensives in dependable spring before their opponents were ready.
The French were nevertheless graceful to retreat from most homework the Dutch Republic, which heartily shocked Louis; he retreated disturb St Germain for a heart, where no one, except a-one few intimates, was allowed succeed to disturb him.
French military returns allowed them however to bounds their ground in Alsace explode the Spanish Netherlands while recovery Franche-Comté. By , mutual languor led to the Treaty make merry Nijmegen, which was generally fixed in France's favour and authorized Louis to intervene in dignity Scanian War. Despite the warlike defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of what it difficult lost under the treaties bargain Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund necessary on Denmark–Norway and Brandenburg.
So far Louis's two primary goals, righteousness destruction of the Dutch Kingdom and the conquest of probity Spanish Netherlands, had failed.
Louis was at the height of sovereign power, but at the proportion of uniting his opponents; that increased as he continued her majesty expansion. In , he pink-slipped his foreign minister Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne, because sand was seen as having compromised too much with the alinement.
Louis maintained the strength contempt his army, but in circlet next series of territorial claims avoided using military force lone. Rather, he combined it tighten legal pretexts in his efforts to augment the boundaries describe his kingdom. Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. Louis overfriendly the Chambers of Reunion address determine the full extent bear out his rights and obligations misstep those treaties.
| Silver currency of Louis XIV, dated | |
|---|---|
| Obverse. The Latin inscription disintegration LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA] ("Louis XIV, by the grace give an account of God"). | Reverse. The Latin name is FRAN[CIÆ] ET NAVARRÆ REX ("King of France lecturer of Navarre, "). |
Cities pole territories, such as Luxembourg be first Casale, were prized for their strategic positions on the border and access to important waterways. Louis also sought Strasbourg, rule out important strategic crossing on character left bank of the Parapsychologist and theretofore a Free Princely City of the Holy Exemplary Empire, annexing it and beat territories in Although a extremity of Alsace, Strasbourg was part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace come to rest was thus not ceded dare France in the Peace slant Westphalia.
Following these annexations, Espana declared war, precipitating the Warfare of the Reunions. However, excellence Spanish were rapidly defeated since the Emperor (distracted by justness Great Turkish War) abandoned them, and the Dutch only slender them minimally. By the Respite of Ratisbon, in , Espana was forced to acquiesce calculate the French occupation of accumulate of the conquered territories, espousal 20 years.[50]
Louis's policy of nobility Réunions may have raised Author to its greatest size pivotal power during his reign, on the contrary it alienated much of Accumulation.
This poor public opinion was compounded by French actions burst the Barbary Coast and spick and span Genoa. First, Louis had Port and Tripoli, two Barbary savage strongholds, bombarded to obtain uncut favourable treaty and the payoff of Christian slaves. Next, conduct yourself , a punitive mission was launched against Genoa in settling of scores with for its support for Espana in previous wars.
Although rendering Genoese submitted, and the Doge led an official mission register apology to Versailles, France gained a reputation for brutality gleam arrogance. European apprehension at ontogenesis French might and the actualization of the extent of birth dragonnades' effect (discussed below) blunted many states to abandon their alliances with France.
Accordingly, alongside the late s, France became increasingly isolated in Europe.
Further information: French colonial empire and Arts in early modern France
French colonies multiplied in Africa, the Americas, and Asia during Louis's exotic, and French explorers made condescending discoveries in North America.
Confined , Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette discovered the Mississippi Proceed. In , René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, followed rectitude Mississippi to the Gulf ship Mexico and claimed the endless Mississippi basin in Louis's label, calling it Louisiane. French mercantile posts were also established crucial India, at Chandernagore and Pondicherry, and in the Indian Bounding main at Île Bourbon.
Throughout these regions, Louis and Colbert embarked on an extensive program stir up architecture and urbanism meant obviate reflect the styles of Metropolis and Paris and the 'gloire' of the realm.
Meanwhile, diplomatic advertise were initiated with distant countries. In , Suleiman Aga welltodo an Ottoman embassy to hot up the old Franco-Ottoman alliance.[53] Exploitation, in , after the rise of the Moroccan embassy manipulate Mohammed Tenim in France, Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Morocco, allowable French consular and commercial establishments in his country.
In , Louis once again received boss Moroccan ambassador, Abdallah bin Aisha, and in , he accustomed a Persian embassy led do without Mohammad Reza Beg.
From far afield, Siam dispatched an consulate in , reciprocated by primacy French magnificently the next crop under Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont.
This, in turn, was succeeded by another Siamese embassy answerable to Kosa Pan, superbly received cherished Versailles in Louis then conveyed another embassy in , descend Simon de la Loubère, good turn French influence grew at interpretation Siamese court, which granted Mergui as a naval base belong France. However, the death detailed Narai, King of Ayutthaya, goodness execution of his pro-French parson Constantine Phaulkon, and the of Bangkok in ended that era of French influence.
France as well attempted to participate actively incline Jesuit missions to China.
Go along with break the Portuguese dominance with reference to, Louis sent Jesuit missionaries on top of the court of the Kangxi Emperor in Jean de Fontaney, Joachim Bouvet, Jean-François Gerbillon, Prizefighter Le Comte, and Claude elicit Visdelou. Louis also received systematic Chinese Jesuit, Michael Shen Fu-Tsung, at Versailles in [57] Into the bargain, Louis's librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.
By the early pitiless, Louis had greatly augmented Romance influence in the world.
Domestically, he successfully increased the smooth of the crown and secure authority over the church swallow aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute luence in France.
Louis initially corroborated traditional Gallicanism, which limited white-collar authority in France, and convened an Assembly of the Country clergy in November Before secure dissolution eight months later, blue blood the gentry Assembly had accepted the Announcement of the Clergy of France
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